Environmental News : September 2011


Delhi and its noise levels
Delhi has some of the noisiest roads in the country, a recent decibel survey by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has found. In some places of Delhi, noise levels going up as high as 106 decibels due to constant vehicular honking. The standard for a silence zone is 50 decibels, while it is 55 decibels for residential areas. Constant exposure to noise has serious health impacts. Prolonged exposure to noise above the decibel level of 60 can lead to irreversible Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL). Sound becomes painful as it reaches 120 decibels. Chronic exposure to sound beyond 85 decibels for eight hours can cause irreversible hearing loss. A 140-decibel sound impulse next to the ear can tear the eardrum. Every increase of 10 decibels makes the sound twice as loud to the human ear. 

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Latest Economic News of India - September 2011


RBI sells dollars to arrest rupee's slide; first time since Lehman Brothers
The Reserve Bank of India joined central banks in Indonesia and South Korea in selling US dollars to save the local currency from a sharp slide as investors fled for safety amid worsening sovereign crisis in Europe and deteriorating outlook for emerging economies. The Indian central bank sold dollars for the first time since Lehman Brothers triggered credit crisis to avert disorderly movement in the currency as it fell to its worst levels in two years. A depreciating rupee may compound the macroeconomic problems as prices of imported goods will surge and worsen the current account deficit. India won't be able to take advantage even if commodity prices ease due to global slowdown. 

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Indian Current Affairs | Current Affairs India - September 2011

Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation is implementing Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) throughout the country, aimed at providing gainful employment to the urban unemployed and under-employed poor, through encouraging the setting up of self employment ventures by the urban poor living below the poverty line, skills training and also through providing wage employment by utilizing their labour for construction of socially and economically useful public assets. The scheme has been comprehensively revamped with effect from 2009-2010. 

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Impact of Rupee depreciation in India

On 24 May 2012, Indian Rupee breached the Rs 55 per dollar mark and closed at 55.47 - its all time low against dollar. The rupee has depreciated by over 20 per cent to close to 55-a-dollar mark currently from its near 44-level against the US currency at the end of May 2012 due to sustained dollar demand from banks and importers in view of the firm dollar sentiment fueled by Euro zone crisis.The weakening of Indian rupee against other foreign currencies,especially dollar, is not a good news for Indian government and importers. A depreciating rupee may compound the macroeconomic problems as prices of imported goods will surge and worsen the current account deficit. India won't be able to take advantage even if commodity prices ease due to global slowdown. 

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Indian Current Affairs | Current Affairs India - September 2011


Problem areas of MGNREGA
What distinguish MGNREGA from all previous rural public shemes - provides legal entitlement to work and it promises work on demand.If you are not provided work within 15 days of application, you will be provided unemployment allowance.A couple of problem areas are identified by the government in this flagship programme.
Problem areas
1. Demand for work is not collected by Grama Panchayats even though MIS has the facility to record that.
2. Since workers has little idea abiut when work will open, they have no option but to migrate. This can be mitgated by the preparation of true Labour Budget that reflects the anticipated quantum of demand of work.
3. Delays in payment to workers
4. Redarding the quality of assets reated under MGNREGA. For meeting this challange,Govenrment has decided that at least two-thirds of all work shall focus on development of land and water resources to result in sustainable increase in productivity
5. Inadequate grievences readdressal mechanisms.

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NCERT Notes for Class 8 | NCERT Quiz | NCERT Standard 8 - Science

Questions are based on Chapter 4 : Heat
1. In coastal areas, sea breeze happens during day time
A. True
B. False

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Printing currency in India | Basis of printing currency in India


Recently I have read one of the most stupid comments about making people of India rich."Bring back the money from Swizz Bank and distribute the same to all Indians. Let them live happily forever!!" In one shot, it seems to a great idea to get rid off all sufferings of the people,but on detailed analysis, we can come to a conclusion that it could destroy the foundation of Indian Economy. It creates inflation,hyper-inflation in the country and makes its currency good for nothing. Let us see how printing money and distributing it can create macroeconomic problems in a country and on what basis a country prints money.

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Rupee Devaluation | History of Devaluation of Rupee in 1966 and 1991

Devaluation means officially lowering the value of currency in terms of foreign currencies. Devaluation is the result of official government action.There could be many motives of the devaluation. It stimulates exports of commodities. It restricts import demand for goods and services. It helps in creating a favourable balance of payments. Almost all the countries of the world have devalued their currencies at one time or the other with a view to achieving certain economic objectives. During the great depression of 1930 devaluation was carried by most countries of the world for the objecting of correcting over-valuation of currencies.

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Foreign exchange reserves of india | India's Foreign exchange reserves


Normal definition of Foreign exchange reserves says that it is the sum of foreign currency deposits and bonds held by the central bank of a country. But in popular terms it includes gold, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and Reserve Tranche Position of IMF also.Foreign exchange reserves enable nations to participate within the global marketplace and transact official business,to coordinate trade policy and improve their domestic economy.Foreign exchange reserves do not earn high rates of return as investments, and may even lose value when currency rates shift unfavorably. Domestic consumers are adversely affected by low exchange rates. Low exchange rates for the Indian Rupee are inflationary because imported goods become more expensive. RBI may then spend foreign exchange reserves to buy domestic currency and strengthen its value--when low exchange rates and inflation are concerns. Last week RBI sold dollars to arrest rupee's slide.

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Fixed Exchange Rate and Floating Exchange Rate


Exchange Rate systems are classified traditionally into 2 categories, namely: systems with a fixed exchange rate and systems with a flexible exchange rate. In the former system the exchange rate is usually a political decision, in the latter the prices are determined by the market forces, in accordance with demand and supply. These systems are often referred to as Fixed or hard Peg and Floating systems. But as usual, between these two extreme positions there exists also an intermediate range of different systems with limited flexibility, usually referred to as “soft pegs”.

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Capital account convertibility and Current account convertibility

Capital account convertibility
It means the freedom to convert local financial assets into foreign financial assets and vice versa at market determined rates of exchange.It refers to the removal of restraints on international flows on a country's capital account, enabling full currency convertibility and opening of the financial system. Capital account convertibility is considered to be one of the major features of a developed economy. It helps attract foreign investment.At the same time, capital account convertibility makes it easier for domestic companies to tap foreign markets. It is sometimes referred to as Capital Asset Liberation.

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Visible and Invisible Transactions of India


The transactions of a country can be broadly classified into two categories. Visible and Invisible transactions.

Invisible transactions 
These are transactions in services, transfers and income. Services are the most familiar of these categories, which includes software, management services, financial services etc. Transfers represent one-sided transactions, involving no quid pro quo, such as remittances by our compatriots abroad. Another category known as "income" is defined to include both payments and receipts — payments on account of non-residents employed in India, interest payments made to those who have deposited FCNR deposits and interest charges on loans made to India, besides dividends and profit share to investors in India. 

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Currency Convertability : Is Rupee a convertible currency?


Convertible currencies are defined as currencies that are readily bought, sold, and converted without the need for permission from a central bank or government entity. Most major currencies are fully convertible; that is, they can be traded freely without restriction and with no permission required. The easy convertibility of currency is a relatively recent development and is in part attributable to the growth of the international trading markets and the FOREX markets in particular. Indian Rupee is fully convertible in respect to current account of Balance of payment. Broadly, currencies can be classified into three major categories.

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Indian Current Affairs | Current Affairs India - September 2011


Herbal Care Product for Leucoderma Launched by DRDO
Leucoderma or Vitiligo is a skin disease characterized by white spots and patches on the skin  caused by fungus. The world wide incidence of leucoderma has been reported 1-2%. In India, its incidence is around 4-5% in some parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat it is very high more than 5-8%. This skin disorder is considered as social stigma in our country and people confuse it with leprosy. The affected individuals are always remain in constant depression with the feeling of being socially outcast. DRDO has developed a herbal product called Lukoskin for this disease. This herbal product would be a new hope and boon to the vitiligo affected person.

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Indian Antarctic Program | Indian Antarctic Expedition



The Indian Antarctic Program is carried out under the control of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research.It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica. The program gained global acceptance with India's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983, superseded by the Maitri base from 1990. Currently India is building its third research station in the region named Bharathi. Indian expeditions to the Antarctic also study the fauna and the molecular biodiversity of the region. A total of 120 new microbes had been discovered as a result of international scientific effort in the Antarctic by 2005. 20 of these microbes had been discovered by India. India has also published over 300 research publications based on Antarctic studies as of 2007.

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What are Participatory Notes | Participatory Notes in India


Participatory notes (PNs) are instruments used by foreign funds, not registered in India, for trading in the domestic market. The unknown investors, who buy PNs, deposit their funds in the US or European operations of the FII, which also operates in India. The FII uses its proprietary account to buys stocks in India. A government report has said that the FII or the broker acts like an exchange since it executes the trade and uses its internal accounts to settle this. Other such instruments (Offshore Derivative Instruments) include equity-linked notes, capped return note, participatory return notes and investment notes. SEBI permitted FIIs to register and participate in the Indian stock market in 1992. In India Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Credit Lyonnais, Citigroup and Goldman Sachs are the biggest issuers of PNs.

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Foreign Trade Policy of India : 2009-14 and Related Schemes


The Foreign Trade Policy (FTP), 2009-14 was announced on 27th August, 2009 in the backdrop of a fall in India’s exports due to global slowdown. The immediate and the short term objective of the policy was to arrest and reverse the declining trend of exports as well as to provide additional support especially to those sectors which were hit badly by recession in the developed world. The Policy envisaged an annual export growth of 15 per cent with an annual export target of US $ 200 billion by March 2011 and to come back on the high export growth path of around 25 per cent per annum in the remaining three years of this Foreign Trade Policy i.e. up to 2014. The long term policy objective for the Government is to double India’s share in global trade by 2020.

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NCERT Notes for Class 8 | NCERT Quiz | NCERT Standard 8 - Science

All questions are based on chapter 2 : Nutrition in Plants
1. Plants collect nitrogen from
A. Air
B. Soil
C. Soil and Air
D. Plants dont need nitrogen

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NCERT Notes for Class 8 | NCERT Quiz | NCERT Standard 8 - Science

All questions are based on Chapter 1 : Nutrition in Animals

1. During digestive process of animals,
A. Carbohydrates get broken into simple sugars like glucose
B. Fats into fatty acids and glycerol
C. Proteins into amino acids.
D. All the above

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Integrated Coastal Management Programme of India


The Integrated Coastal Management Programme aims to safeguard and strengthen the ecological security of coastal areas and the livelihood security of coastal communities. The programme will give attention to both the landward and seaward sides of the coast. The objective of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project is to build national capacity for implementation of comprehensive coastal management approach in the country, and piloting the integrated coastal zone management approach in states of Gujarat, Orissa and West Bengal. The programme is funded by IDA. May 2011 edition of Yojana had a snippet about Integrated Coastal Management Programme of India

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Indian Current Affairs | Current Affairs India - September 2011


South Asian Free Trade Area
The Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) is an agreement reached in 2004 at the 12th SAARC summit in Islamabad, Pakistan. It created a free trade area of  Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The seven foreign ministers of the region signed a framework agreement on SAFTA to reduce customs duties of all traded goods to zero by the year 2016.Indian Government said that it will meet its commitment of reducing tariff lines under sensitive list by 20% for all by next month. This will fulfil a critical requirement of the SAFTA agreement signed by SAARC member countries. India’s trade with SAARC stands at mere US$ 13 billion at a time when our global trade has expanded to cross US$ 600 billion. Indian companies have stepped out and engaged in foreign shores investing over US$ 100 billion and more than 90% of this investment has been outside South Asia. India investment flows into SAARC have been around US$ 10 billion.

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Indian Current Affairs | Current Affairs India - September 2011


Regional Trade Policy Courses
Regional Trade Policy Courses (RTPCs) are three-month courses for government officials from developing countries/separate customs territories, LDCs, economies in transition, and countries in the process of accession to the WTO. They are organized and run by the WTO in partnership with institutions of higher learning in different regions of the world. The RTPC in 2011 for Asia – Pacific Region is being organized jointly by the WTO and the Centre for WTO Studies, IIFT New Delhi, during 5 September – 25 November 2011.During this 3-month programme, the participants will be given an in-depth exposure to WTO and international trade issues. The RTPC will seek to enhance the participants understanding of their regional environment and how it relates to trade-policy making; develop a good understanding of the WTO, including the Agreements; improve their analytical and negotiating skills; learn how to use effectively the relevant information and documentation on trade-related issues; and establish and/or strengthen a network of contacts between participants and with the trainers/experts. 

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Indian Current Affairs | Current Affairs India - September 2011


Agreements signed between India and Bangladesh
This post details the various aspects of major agreements signed between India and Bangladesh recently

Framework Agreement on Cooperation for Development
The Framework Agreement on Cooperation for Development signed by the two Prime Ministers on September 6, 2011 in Dhaka provides the template for future cooperation between India and Bangladesh. The Agreement lays down the framework for enhancing mutually beneficial bilateral cooperation in a wide range of areas. These include - promotion of trade, investment and economic cooperation; connectivity; water resources; management of natural disasters; generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, including from renewable or other sources; promotion of scientific, educational and cultural cooperation; people to people exchanges; environmental protection and responding to challenges of climate change through adaptation; sub regional cooperation in the power sector, water resources management, physical connectivity, environment and sustainable development; and enhancing cooperation in security.

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Indian Current Affairs | Current Affairs India - September 2011


National Manufacturing Policy within September
The National Manufacturing Policy aims at augmenting the share of manufacturing in GDP to 25% within a decade and creates 100 million additional jobs. The key focus of the policy is to improve the business environment enable easy technology acquisition and development, provide access to capital for SMEs and enhance the role of the private sector in skill development. The focus shall be on minimizing the role of Government and creating an environment of self-regulation as far as possible.Protectionism will only Deepen Recession; Anand Sharma Tells US & German Legislators

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Latest Economic News of India - Sept 2011


India plans to join sovereign fund club
According to ET, India plans to float a sovereign wealth fund (SWF), which would potentially invest in overseas projects and companies to secure access to natural resources for one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. Corporate India may have been encouraged to suggest the formation of a sovereign fund seeing the experience of China, which has used its overseas investment vehicle, China Investment Corporation or CIC, with a corpus of over $400 billion, to buy natural resources abroad.Curretly the interest on foreign reserves like dollar, pound and euro is less than 2%. So there is no harm in allocating a small share of our reserves to buy commodities including oil, or shares of commodity companies.

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Current Affairs India | Indian Current Affairs Short Notes - Sept 2011


Fiscal deficit of India for first quarter of 2011-12
The government has proposed to bring down the fiscal deficit, an indication of government borrowing, to 4.6 per cent of the GDP during 2011-12 from 4.7 per cent a year ago. The fiscal deficit at the end of June this year was Rs 40,196 crore, which worked out to be 39.40 per cent of the budget estimate.This was mainly because direct tax refund during the first quarter shot up to Rs 46,847 crore as compared to Rs 15,758 crore during the corresponding period last year.

Highlights of the Direct and Indirect Taxes
The percentage share of revenue realization from direct taxes to the total revenue realization increased from 36.3% in 2000-01 to 55.7% in 2008-09, whereas, the percentage share of revenue realization from indirect taxes declined from 63.7% in 2000-01 to 44.3% in 2008-09.The percentage share of revenue realization from corporation tax to the total revenue realization from direct taxes increased from 52.3% in 2000-01 to 63.2% in 2008-09, whereas, the percentage share of revenue realization from income tax decreased from 46.5% in 2000-01 to 36.7% in 2008-09. As of 2009-10, the indirect tax revenue is mainly constituted by excise duties (42.1%), customs duties (34.5%) and service taxes (23.5%)

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Handloom and Handicraft Industry of India

Handloom and Handicraft sector of India provides livelihood to over 130 lakh weavers and artisans, a large percentage coming from the marginalized sections of the society. The industry is largely environment friendly and low on energy consumption. This sector is rich in diversity and spread all over the country both in rural and urban areas.May 2011 issue of Yojana detailed the various aspects of this sector.

Your Takeaways
1. Handloom and Handicraft sector is a part of Cottage industry
2. There has been consistent growth of 15% over the last few years and the industry has evolved as a major contributor for exports.

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Fiscal deficit | Revenue deficit | Budget deficit | Differences explained with Examples


Fiscal deficit
The difference between total revenue and total expenditure of the government is termed as fiscal deficit. It is an indication of the total borrowings needed by the government. While calculating the total revenue, borrowings are not included. It is expressed as a percentage of GDP. Many economists think that if the deficit is financed by raising debt from the central bank it may lead to an inflationary scenario. Higher fiscal deficit is one of the reasons for the Indian economy to have relatively higher inflation. According to Keynesian Economics, deficits help countries climb out of economic recession. On the other hand, fiscal conservatives feel that governments should avoid deficits in favor of a balanced budget policy.

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Current Affairs India | Indian Current Affairs Short Notes - Sept 2011


Mark to Marketing Accounting 
Mark-to-market or fair value accounting refers to accounting for the fair value of an asset or liability based on the current market price of the asset or liability.Mark-to-market accounting can change values on the balance sheet frequently, as market conditions change.  Mark-to-market accounting can become inaccurate if market prices change unpredictably. Problems can arise when the market-based measurement does not accurately reflect the underlying asset's true value. This can occur when a company is forced to calculate the selling price of these assets or liabilities during unfavorable or volatile times, such as a financial crisis. For example, if the liquidity is low or investors are fearful, the current selling price of a bank's assets could be much lower than the actual value. The result would be a lowered shareholders' equity. This accounting is considered as one of the main reason for sub-prime crisis and it was stopped in US during 2008 recession. 

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Direct Taxes of India | Wealth Tax of India | Wealth Tax - Exemptions


A wealth tax is generally conceived of as a levy based on the aggregate value of all household holdings actually accumulated as purchasing power stock (rather than flow), including owner-occupied housing; cash, savings in insurance and pension plans, investment in real estate and unincorporated businesses etc

Wealth tax in India
The Wealth Tax Act is an important direct tax legislation, which came into existence on 1 st April 1957. Wealth tax is levied on the benefits derived from property ownership. The tax is to be paid year after year on the same property on its market value, whether or not such property yield any income.Wealth tax is 1% on wealth exceeding Rs 30,00,000. However, non-residents returning to India are given exemption for seven years.

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CSAT Paper 2 | Comprehensive Sample Questions

Read the following passage and answer the items that follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only.

Inflation is likely to remain high and moderate only towards the latter part of the year to about 7 per cent by March 2012, the Reserve Bank of India said, while warning against accepting the present inflation level as the “new normal”. “The decline in global commodity prices has not been very significant. Should the global recovery weaken ahead, commodity prices may decline further, which should have a salutary impact on domestic inflation,” the RBI said in its Annual Report for 2010-11. However, the RBI said that the U.S. Fed's policy stance “may keep the commodity prices elevated”. The U.S. Fed has indicated that it would pursue its near zero rate policy at least till mid-2013. It has also hinted at another dose of quantitative easing. Further, it said that the pass-through of the rise in global commodity prices till had been incomplete, especially in the minerals and oil space. As such, “the benefit of a moderate fall in global commodity prices on domestic price level would also be limited,” The RBI noted. If global oil prices stay at current level, further increase in prices of administered oil products will become necessary to contain subsidies. Fertilizer and electricity prices will also require an upward revision in view of sharp rise in input costs. The high and persistent inflation over the last two years has brought to the fore the limitation in arresting inflation in the absence of adequate supply response. However, it said, monetary policy still has an important role to play in curbing the second round effects of supply-led inflation. “In the face of nominal rigidities and price stickiness, there are dangers of accepting elevated inflation level as the new normal,” the RBI warned. The annual report is a statutory report of the Central Board of the Reserve Bank that covers: the assessment of the macroeconomic performance during 2010-11 and the prospects for 2011-12, and the working and operations of the Reserve Bank and its financial accounts. The RBI further said that growth was expected to decelerate but remained close to the trend of about 8 per cent in 2011-12. If global financial problems amplify and slow down global growth markedly, it would impart a downward bias to the growth projection of around 8 per cent indicated in its Monetary Policy.

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Intensification of Forest Management Schemes


The National Forest Policy 1988 aims for 33% of the country’s geographical area under the forest cover for ecological and environmental security. While aiming to expand the forest cover in the country, it is equally important to improve the state and quality of existing forests and protect them against various threats and drivers of degradation. The threats to forests include encroachments, forest fires, illicit felling for timber and firewood, grazing, diseases and incursion of weeds and other invasive species, etc. The staffs also face threats of illegal felling of trees from organized forest smugglers / timber mafia and encroachments form land mafia.

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Increasing Concern of Air Pollution in South-East Asia

Increasing Concern of Air Pollution in South-East Asia
Male Declaration is considered as an example for sub-regional cooperation. It provides the frame work for South Asia to cooperate not only on air pollution issues but also on environment security. With increasing urbanisation and economic growth, and having a quarter of the world’s population, air pollution is an increasing concern in South Asian countries. In 1998, UNEP together with the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) drew attention to the possibility of the impacts of transboundary air pollution in South Asia. This initiative led to the adoption of the ‘Male Declaration on Control and Prevention of Air Pollution. The initiative was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) as part of the Regional Air Pollution in Developing countries (RAPIDC) programme. Participating countries are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
Currently, the Male Declaration is at the IV phase (2010 - 2012), which is focusing on strengthening the basis of the Male Declaration. Commitments from participating countries are encouraging. Phase IV will continue to assist the member countries enhance their regional cooperation, monitoring impact assessment; strengthen the initiatives started in the first three phases and to initiate new ones.

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SBI | Nationalised Banks | New Private Banks | Comparison

The Public Sector Banks (PSBs) and the new private banks (NPBs) constitute about 90 per cent of the assets, thus, representative of the banking system. Within the PSB space, the major players are the 19 nationalised banks (NBs) and the SBI.

SBI and NBs
The erstwhile Imperial bank, a private bank, was nationalised in 1955 and was christened State Bank of India. SBI operates as the substitute for RBI where the central bank does not have a physical presence. SBI has the largest branch network and its government business operations are massive. Unlike SBI, the major private banks of the day were nationalised in two tranches in 1969 and 1980, to further inclusive banking. They, like SBI, pursue both socialistic and commercial objectives

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Safety of Indian Nuclear Reactors


Mr. G R Srinivasan, the Ex-Vice Chairman of AERB published a document on Nuclear Safety measures in India on the wake of Fukushima disaster.

Below are the main points
1. Safety, security and environmental protection of Nuclear Industry are brought about by multi-organizational, multi-disciplinary and multilayered approach and need to be taken care of at all stages from cradle to grave i.e. from siting to decommissioning of each nuclear facility.
2. In India, Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) is primarily responsible for operation safety and the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) oversees and ensures safety in design review and construction of new NPPs in India.

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Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Technology


Abnormal Weather Pattern-Recent Phenomena
In recent years, India is witnessing variability of the weather phenomena and development of abnormal weather pattern like drought, flood, flash flood, cyclone, rain induced landslides, heat and cold waves, etc. on a continuous basis. Records of past weather events show that extreme values in respect of heavy rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures, seasonal rainfall etc.Variability of the weather phenomena and development of abnormal weather pattern like drought, flood, flash flood, cyclone, rain induced landslides, heat and cold waves, etc. on a continuous basis. Records of past weather events show that extreme values in respect of heavy rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures, seasonal rainfall etc.India 
Meteorological Department (IMD) is enhancing its observational network under the modernization plan by installing a network of Doppler Weather Radars (DWR) , Automatic Weather Stations (AWS), Automatic Rain Gauge Station (ARGS), etc. for monitoring abnormal weather patterns and upgrading its forecasting capabilities., so that advance warning can be provided to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) , Ministry of Home Affairs, and Ministry of Agriculture to tackle the impacts of the adverse and extreme weather phenomena.

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